ABSTRACT. The reduced longevity of coffee seeds has been attributed to their sensitivity to desiccation. Studies related to gene expression and enzyme activity in coffee seeds under drying are important for understanding the effects of drying on their physiological quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular aspects of seeds under different drying methods and associate them with physiological quality. Coffee seeds with different water contents were dried both slowly and rapidly. Enzymatic activity was analysed, as well as the expression of genes that encode the enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxiredoxins, isocitrate lyase, and endo-ß-mannanase. There was a significant effect of drying speed and final water content on enzyme activity and on the expression of the different genes analysed. In seeds under rapid drying, there was greater expression of the genes that encode the enzymes catalase and endo-ß-mannanase. Greater expression of the 1 CYS PRX and SOD genes and greater activity of the ICL isoenzymes were found in seeds with superior physiological quality, but greater activity of the endo-β-mannanase and CAT enzymes occurred in seeds with lower physiological quality.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of polymorphisms in the diacylglycerol acyltransferase ( DGAT ) and leptin ( LEP ) genes with the performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and lipid profile of Nellore cattle. A total of 100 intact male Nelore cattle were used to analyze the performance, carcass, physicochemical and centesimal composition, and fatty acid profile of beef. To identify the polymorphisms, the PCR–single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique was applied to genomic DNA extracted from muscle tissue. The SSCP technique revealed the presence of four band patterns for the DGAT gene (AC, AD, AE and BB) with five alleles (A, B, C, D and E). For the LEP gene, five band patterns (AA, AB, AC, BB and BC) with three alleles (A, B and C) were observed. For the LEP gene, the AB genotype was associated with higher backfat thickness and ribs weight, while the BB genotype was associated with lower ribs yield; higher hindquarter yield was associated with AC and BB genotypes. Higher contents of C17:0, C18:0 and lower contents of C18:2ω6C, total polyunsaturated fatty acids, total ω6 and ratio of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA) were verified for the AC genotype of the LEP gene. The AC and AA genotypes of the LEP gene were associated with higher means of C15:0 and C18:1ω9t. For the DGAT gene, the highest C24:0 content was associated with the AE genotype and the lowest with the AD and BB genotypes. Polymorphisms in the DGAT and LEP genes influence carcass parameters and the lipid profile of the meat of Nellore cattle.

RESUMO Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a associação do polimorfismo dos genes da Diacilglicerol Aciltransferase ( DGAT) e Leptina – (L EP ) em relação ao desempenho, características de carcaça, qualidade de carne e perfil lipídico de bovinos Nelore. Para o estudo, foram utilizados um total de 100 bovinos nelores machos inteiros e avaliado os parâmetros de desempenho, composição da carcaça, composição físico-química, centesimal e perfil lipídico da carne. Para identificação dos polimorfismos foi utilizada a técnica de PCR-SSCP a partir da extração do DNA genômico do tecido muscular. A técnica de SSCP revelou a presença de quatro padrões de banda para o gene DGAT (AC, AD, AE e BB) com cinco alelos (A, B, C, D e E) e, para o gene LEP foram verificados cinco padrões de bandas (AA, AB, AC, BB e BC) com três alelos (A, B e C). Para o gene LEP, o genótipo AB foi associado a maior espessura de gordura subcutânea e peso do corte ponta de agulha, enquanto o genótipo BB foi associado a menor rendimento do corte ponta de agulha; maior rendimento do corte traseiro foi associado aos genótipos AC e BB. Maiores teores de C17:0, C18:0 e menores de C18: 2ω6C, total de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, total de ω6 e a relação de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados e saturados (POL/SAT) foram verificados para o genótipo AC do gene LEP. Os genótipos AC e AA do gene LEP foram associados a maiores médias de C15:0 e C18:1ω9t. Para o gene DGAT, os maiores teores de C24:0 foram associados o genótipo AE e o menores aos genótipos AD e BB. A ocorrência de polimorfismo nos genes DGAT e LEP revelaram influência destes sobre parâmetros de carcaça e perfil lipídico da carne de bovinos Nelore.

Abstract The conservation of plant genetic resources is fundamental for the development of agriculture. The development of efficient cryopreservation protocols has become an effective tool to preserve cells, tissues and organs of different plant species. We sought here to develop an efficient method of cryopreservation of Eucalyptus grandis employing the V cryo-plate technique. This experiment examined the exposure of shoot tips to three different cryoprotectants (PVS2, PVS3, and PVS4). The cryoprotectants PVS2 and PVS4 proved to be more efficient among the cryoprotectants tested, as 44.4% of the shoot tips immersed in those solutions survived, and 31.1% generated new shoots. Ethylene glycol was found to be a key compound for the successful cryopreservation of shoot tips, in light of its low toxicity as compared to other cryoprotective compounds. Thus, the methodology developed here represents an effective method for the conservation of E. grandis germplasm through cryopreservation and the use of the V cryo-plate technique.

ABSTRACT. The study of promoters has become essential to elucidate genetic regulation and allow new genetic transformation strategies through plant biotechnology. The challenge is to discover and validate promoters that can regulate gene transcription spatially and/or temporally. The goal of this work was to validate genes associated with tissue-specific promoters of bananas obtained from in silico sequences and selected from the DATAMusa databank. Gene expression was quantified using RT-qPCR from different tissues: leaves, flowers, roots, unripe pulp, ripe pulp, unripe peels, and ripe peels of two different genetic groups: Prata-Anã (PA; group AAB) and Grand Naine (GN; group AAA). After the analysis of the expression of genes associated with the promoters, normalization was performed with the most stable reference genes (TUB and L2) selected using the RefFinder tool. It was determined that five genes were specific or expressed to a greater extent in some tissues than others. The EMB-23 gene was highly expressed in ripe pulp and flowers of GN, EMB-26 in the ripe pulp of GN, EMB-27 in flowers of GN, EMB-28 in roots of PA and ripe pulp and roots of GN, and EMB-31 in roots and flowers of GN and PA, and unripe pulp of GN. The in silico analysis was efficient in the identification of spatial/time-specific genes, thereby decreasing analysis time and cost, making future genetic transformation studies focusing on the application of these tissue-specific promoters possible.

RESUMO O difícil processo de propagação em grande escala do dendezeiro (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) ocorre devido ao seu meristema apical único. Nesse contexto, a micropropagação permite a multiplicação de mudas in vitro e o armazenamento de germoplasma. O objetivo deste estudo foi induzir calosidades embriogênicas de folhas de dendezeiros em baixas concentrações de auxinas e observar a manutenção dessas características durante o cultivo in vitro. Calos foram induzidos em explantes de folhas de 0,5 cm em meio de cultura Y3 suplementado com Picloram (ácido 4-amino-3, 5,6-tricloro-2-piridinocarboxílico) ou 2,4-D (ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético), nas concentrações de 0, 1, 3, 6 e 9 mg L-1. O calo com aparência embriogênica foi subcultivado e avaliado quanto à manutenção das características embriogênicas por meio de análises citoquímicas. O melhor tratamento para indução de calosidades foi composto por 1mg. L-1 de Picloram, o que levou à formação de calosidades de 30%. Os calos foram classificados em 4 tipos, com base na cor e na morfologia. As células das calosidades com aspecto nodular e bege apresentaram características embriogênicas, e o potencial embriogênico das massas celulares foi mantido ao longo dos 20 meses de cultivo. Essa adaptação diferenciada ao protocolo pode permitir o avanço na propagação em massa do dendê por cultura de tecidos, indicando a importância da investigação dos temas propostos pela pesquisa.

ABSTRACT Large-scale oil palm propagation (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is difficult due to its unique apical meristem. In this context, micropropagation allows the multiplication of seedlings in vitro and the storage of germplasm elites. This study aimed to induce embryogenic calluses from leaves of oil palm plants in low concentrations of auxins and to observe the maintenance of these characteristics during in vitro cultivation. Calluses were induced in 0.5 cm leaf explants in Y3 culture medium supplemented with Picloram (4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid) or 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), at concentrations of 0, 1, 3, 6, and 9 mg L-1. The callus with embryogenic appearance was subcultured and evaluated regarding maintenance of embryogenic characteristics by cytochemical analyses. The best treatment for induction of calluses was composed of 1mg.L-1 of Picloram, which led to 30% callus formation. The calluses were classified into4 types, based on color and morphology. The cells of calluses with nodular and beige appearance have embryogenic characteristics, and the embryogenic potential of the cell masses was maintained over the 20 months of cultivation. This differentiated adaptation to the protocol can allow the advance in the mass propagation of oil palm through tissue culture, indicating the importance of investigating the topics proposed by the research.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the “satisfaction” and “self-confidence” constructs in nursing students who underwent simulated clinical experiences in semiology and semiotechnique disciplines. Method: A descriptive study developed with Nursing students from a federal public university in the interior of Minas Gerais through weekly simulated workshops. The “satisfaction” and “self-confidence” constructs were evaluated by the “Student Satisfaction and Self-Confidence with Learning Scale” and “Simulated Clinical Experiences Satisfaction Scale”. Results: The final sample was 45 students. Most were more satisfied (overall average = 4.18) than self-confident (overall average = 4.12). The Spearman correlation test identified a significant and positive association between the “satisfaction” and “self-confidence” constructs. Conclusion: Students feel self-confident and satisfied with the use of simulation as an active teaching-learning methodology, highlighting that the higher the satisfaction level, the greater the student’s self-confidence.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar los constructos de “satisfacción” y “autoconfianza” en los estudiantes de enfermería que vivieron experiencias clínicas simuladas en la enseñanza de la semiología y semiotécnica. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, desarrollado con los estudiantes del curso de enfermería de una universidad pública en el interior de Minas Gerais, a través de talleres simulados sobre una base semanal. Los constructos de “satisfacción” y “autoconfianza” fueron evaluados por la “Escala Satisfacción de los Estudiantes y Autoconfianza con el Aprendizaje” y “Escala de Satisfacción con las Experiencias Clínicas Simuladas”. Resultados: La muestra final estuvo compuesta por 45 estudiantes. La mayoría se presentó más satisfecha (media = 4.18) que autoconfiada (media = 4.12). Se identificó, a través de la prueba de correlación de Spearman una asociación significativa y positiva entre los constructos de “satisfacción” y “autoconfianza”. Conclusión: Los estudiantes se sientan seguros y satisfechos con el uso de la simulación como una metodología activa del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, destacando que el mayor nivel de satisfacción aumentó la confianza de los estudiantes.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar os constructos “satisfação” e “autoconfiança” em estudantes de Enfermagem que vivenciaram experiências clínicas simuladas no ensino de semiologia e semiotécnica. Método: Estudo descritivo, desenvolvido com estudantes do curso de Enfermagem de uma universidade pública federal do interior de Minas Gerais, através de oficinas simuladas semanalmente. Os constructos “satisfação” e “autoconfiança” foram avaliados pela “Escala de Satisfação de Estudantes e Autoconfiança com a Aprendizagem” e “Escala de Satisfação com as Experiências Clínicas Simuladas”. Resultados: A amostra final foi de 45 estudantes. A maioria apresentou mais satisfeito (média geral = 4,18) do que autoconfiante (média geral = 4,12). Identificou-se pelo teste de correlação de Spearman uma associação significativa e positiva entre os constructos “satisfação” e “autoconfiança”. Conclusão: Os estudantes se sentem autoconfiantes e satisfeitos com o uso da simulação como metodologia ativa de ensino-aprendizagem, destacando-se que quanto maior o nível de satisfação, maior a autoconfiança do aluno.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar os constructos “satisfação” e “autoconfiança” em estudantes de Enfermagem que vivenciaram experiências clínicas simuladas no ensino de semiologia e semiotécnica. Método: Estudo descritivo, desenvolvido com estudantes do curso de Enfermagem de uma universidade pública federal do interior de Minas Gerais, através de oficinas simuladas semanalmente. Os constructos “satisfação” e “autoconfiança” foram avaliados pela “Escala de Satisfação de Estudantes e Autoconfiança com a Aprendizagem” e “Escala de Satisfação com as Experiências Clínicas Simuladas”. Resultados: A amostra final foi de 45 estudantes. A maioria apresentou mais satisfeito (média geral = 4,18) do que autoconfiante (média geral = 4,12). Identificou-se pelo teste de correlação de Spearman uma associação significativa e positiva entre os constructos “satisfação” e “autoconfiança”. Conclusão: Os estudantes se sentem autoconfiantes e satisfeitos com o uso da simulação como metodologia ativa de ensino-aprendizagem, destacando-se que quanto maior o nível de satisfação, maior a autoconfiança do aluno.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the “satisfaction” and “self-confidence” constructs in nursing students who underwent simulated clinical experiences in semiology and semiotechnique disciplines. Method: A descriptive study developed with Nursing students from a federal public university in the interior of Minas Gerais through weekly simulated workshops. The “satisfaction” and “self-confidence” constructs were evaluated by the “Student Satisfaction and Self-Confidence with Learning Scale” and “Simulated Clinical Experiences Satisfaction Scale”. Results: The final sample was 45 students. Most were more satisfied (overall average = 4.18) than self-confident (overall average = 4.12). The Spearman correlation test identified a significant and positive association between the “satisfaction” and “self-confidence” constructs. Conclusion: Students feel self-confident and satisfied with the use of simulation as an active teaching-learning methodology, highlighting that the higher the satisfaction level, the greater the student’s self-confidence.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar los constructos de “satisfacción” y “autoconfianza” en los estudiantes de enfermería que vivieron experiencias clínicas simuladas en la enseñanza de la semiología y semiotécnica. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, desarrollado con los estudiantes del curso de enfermería de una universidad pública en el interior de Minas Gerais, a través de talleres simulados sobre una base semanal. Los constructos de “satisfacción” y “autoconfianza” fueron evaluados por la “Escala Satisfacción de los Estudiantes y Autoconfianza con el Aprendizaje” y “Escala de Satisfacción con las Experiencias Clínicas Simuladas”. Resultados: La muestra final estuvo compuesta por 45 estudiantes. La mayoría se presentó más satisfecha (media = 4.18) que autoconfiada (media = 4.12). Se identificó, a través de la prueba de correlación de Spearman una asociación significativa y positiva entre los constructos de “satisfacción” y “autoconfianza”. Conclusión: Los estudiantes se sientan seguros y satisfechos con el uso de la simulación como una metodología activa del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, destacando que el mayor nivel de satisfacción aumentó la confianza de los estudiantes.

Abstract The main objective of this study was to characterize the toxicity and genetic divergence of 18 Bacillus thuringiensis strains in the biological control of Spodoptera eridania. Bacterial suspensions were added to the S. eridania diet. Half of the selected B. thuringiensis strains caused high mortality seven days after infection. The genetic divergence of B. thuringiensis strains was assessed based on Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) and Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic (REP) sequences, and five phylogenetic groups were formed. Despite their genetic diversity B. thuringiensis strains did not show any correlation between the collection sites and toxicity to larvae. Some B. thuringiensis strains are highly toxic to S. eridania, thus highlighting the potential of their endotoxins as biopesticides.

RESUMO O dendezeiro é economicamente importante pela alta produção de óleo. A embriogênese somática indireta em dendezeiro demanda longo tempo de indução de calos e formação das plantas, sendo importante o estudo do potencial embriogênico dos calos e os mecanismos da embriogênese somática. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito de diferentes reguladores de crescimento e espermina na indução de calos embriogênico em explantes de raízes de dendezeiro. Explantes apicais radiculares de aproximadamente 0,5 cm foram isolados de plantas cultivadas in vitro e inoculadas em meio de cultura Y3 com os seguintes tratamentos: meio A - sem reguladores de crescimento; B - 1 mg.L-1 picloram (ácido 4-amino-3,5,6-tricloro-2-piridinacarboxílico); C- 1 mg.L-1 de picloram e 2 mg.L-1 de 2ip (2-isopenteniladenina); D - 2 mg.L-1 de 2ip; E - 1 mg.L-1 de picloram e 2 mg.L-1 de BAP (6-benzilaminopurina); F - 2 mg.L-1 de BAP; e G - 14,5mg.L-1 de espermina. Após, seis meses de cultivo, foram realizadas analises histológicas. Os calos induzidos nos tratamentos com 1 mg.L-1 picloram (B) e 14,5 mg.L-1 espermina (G) apresentaram características embriogênicas, células pequenas, isodiamétricas e formando aglomerados, apesar da grande quantidade de amido. Os calos do melhor tratamento (Y3 com 1 mg.L-1 de picloram) foram inoculados em meio de cultura de Y3 sem adição de reguladores de crescimento para sua regeneração, que após oito meses foram realizadas novas análises histológicas. Todos os tratamentos apresentaram formação de calo, com exceção dos tratamentos D e A. Os calos do tratamento B exibiram células com características embriogênicas, que desenvolveram embriões somáticos.

ABSTRACT Oil palm is economically important as a crop with high oil production. Indirect somatic embryogenesis in oil palm requires a long time for callus induction and plant formation, and it is important to study the embryogenic potential of calli and the mechanisms of somatic embryogenesis. The aim of this study was to test different growth regulators and spermine in induction of embryogenic calli in root explants of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq). Apex root explants of approximately 0.5 cm were isolated from plants cultivated in vitro and inoculated in Y3 culture medium in the following treatments: A - without growth regulators; B - 1 mg.L-1 picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid); C - 1 mg.L-1 picloram and 2 mg.L-1 2ip (2-isopentenyladenine); D - 2 mg.L-1 2ip; E - 1 mg.L-1 picloram and 2 mg.L-1 BAP (6-benzylaminopurine); F - 2 mg.L-1 BAP; and G - 14.5 mg.L-1 spermine. After six months of culturing, the calli induced in the treatments were analyzed by light microscopy. The calli induced in the treatments with 1 mg.L-1picloram (B) and treatment with 14.5 mg.L-1spermine (G) exhibited embryogenic characteristics, small and isodiametric cells, forming agglomerates, besides a large amount of starch. Calli of the best treatment (Y3 com 1 mg.L-1 de picloram) were inoculated in Y3 culture medium without addition of growth regulators. After eight months, calli were once more analyzed under light microscopy. All the treatments showed callus formation, except for treatments D and A. Calli of treatment B exhibited cells with embryogenic characteristics that developed somatic embryos.

Abstract This study aimed to assess the influence of culture medium and cytokinin type on in vitro multiplication of an Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla hybrid clone via temporary immersion bioreactor (TIB®). JADS, modified MS at a (NO3ˉ):(NH +) ratio, and WPM were used as liquid media; and 6-benzilaminopurine (BAP), kinetin (KIN), and thidiazuron (TDZ) were the cytokinins used in the study. According to the results, explants under the influence of modified MS presented better results for all traits analyzed in this study. BAP was the most suitable plant growth regulator for axillary bud shoot proliferation. By the leaf histological analysis, most of the shoots grown in the presence of BAP either exhibited normal morphology or only a few hyperhydricity symptoms. All these results were obtained at 19 days after in vitro cultivation, a shorter period when compared with other works in the literature, showing the protocol efficiency in the multiplication of this hybrid clone using TIB®.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to induce and analyze embryogenic calli from two types of explants (leaves and meristems) of the hybrid Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla. Leaves and meristems of plants kept in a nursery were disinfected and inoculated in Petri dishes containing MS culture medium supplemented with different concentrations of the growth regulator dicamba (1.13, 4.52, and 9.04 µM) and without it. At 60 days of culturing, the calli were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and at 90 days were evaluated by light microscopy in regard to the embryogenic characteristics of the cells. Different type of calli were induced in leaf explants, designated as Type I with light yellow coloring, Type II with dark yellow coloring, and Type III of brown coloring; however, only Type I had embryogenic characteristics. In the meristematic explants, only one type of callus was induced, and it had embryogenic characteristics. At 90 days of culturing, the formation of somatic embryos in the different embryogenic stages was observed and the formation of procambium, protoderm, and ground meristem tissues. At 150 days of culturing, the concentration of 1.13 µM of dicamba was prominent in the formation of somatic embryos in the different embryogenic stages.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the use of simulations to teach lower airway aspiration. This is a randomized controlled clinical trial conducted at a federal public university in October 2016. The sample was composed of 33 students randomly assigned to intervention (n = 17) and control (n = 16) groups. The intervention evaluated the teaching of the lower airway aspiration technique using simulations (individual workshops and debriefing), and the control situation was represented by the teaching of the technique through the traditional method (expository class and group training). The outcomes evaluated were the theoretical and practical knowledge about the skill taught, whose maximum scores were, respectively, 19 and 29 points. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. In the theoretical knowledge, the average number of correct answers in the intervention group was 15.1 points and in the control group it was 15.5 points. In the practical evaluation, the mean score in the intervention group was 22.9 points and in the control group it was 20.8 points. There was no difference in the average of correct theoretical and practical knowledge about the ability taught between the intervention and control groups. However, students who participated in the simulated activities reported more confidence and reliability in the development of the technique in laboratory. We suggest the replication of the study with a larger sample for comparison of the findings. Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials: RBR-8bsmyz.

RESUMEN Estudio con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto del uso de la simulación en la enseñanza de la técnica de aspiración de las vías aéreas inferiores. Se trata de un ensayo clínico controlado aleatorizado realizado en una universidad pública federal en octubre de 2016. Muestra de 33 estudiantes, asignados mediante sorteo aleatorio en los grupos intervención (n = 17) y control (n = 16). La intervención evaluada fue la enseñanza de la técnica de aspiración de las vías aéreas inferiores utilizando la simulación (talleres individuales y debriefing), y el control fue la enseñanza de la técnica por el método tradicional (clase expositiva y entrenamiento en grupo). Los resultados evaluados fueron el conocimiento teórico y práctico sobre la técnica enseñada, cuyas puntuaciones máximas eran, respectivamente, 19 y 29 puntos. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando estadística descriptiva e inferencial. En el conocimiento teórico, el promedio de aciertos del grupo intervención fue de 15,1 puntos y en el grupo control fue de 15,5 puntos. En la evaluación práctica, la puntuación media en el grupo intervención fue de 22,9 puntos y en el grupo control fue de 20,8 puntos. No hubo diferencia en el promedio de aciertos en el conocimiento teórico y práctico sobre la técnica enseñada entre los grupos intervención y control. Sin embargo, los alumnos que participaron en las actividades simuladas reportaron mayor confianza y seguridad en el desarrollo de la técnica en laboratorio. Se sugiere la replicación del estudio con una muestra mayor para la comparación de los hallazgos. Registro Brasileño de Ensayos Clínicos: RBR-8bsmyz.

RESUMO Estudo com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do uso da simulação no ensino da habilidade de aspiração de vias aéreas inferiores. Trata-se de ensaio clínico controlado randomizado realizado em uma universidade pública federal em outubro de 2016. Amostra de 33 estudantes alocados mediante sorteio aleatório nos grupos intervenção (n=17) e controle (n=16). A intervenção avaliada foi o ensino da técnica de aspiração de vias aéreas inferiores utilizando a simulação (oficinas individuais e debriefing), e o controle foi o ensino da técnica pelo método tradicional (aula expositiva e treinamento em grupo). Os desfechos avaliados foram o conhecimento teórico e prático sobre a habilidade ensinada, cujas pontuações máximas eram, respectivamente, 19 e 29 pontos. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se estatística descritiva e inferencial. No conhecimento teórico, a média de acertos do grupo intervenção foi de 15,1 pontos e no grupo-controle foi de 15,5 pontos. Na avaliação prática, a pontuação média no grupo intervenção foi de 22,9 pontos e no grupo-controle foi de 20,8 pontos. Não houve diferença na média de acertos no conhecimento teórico e prático sobre a habilidade ensinada entre os grupos intervenção e controle. Entretanto, alunos que participaram das atividades simuladas relataram mais confiança e segurança no desenvolvimento da técnica em laboratório. Sugere-se a replicação do estudo com amostra maior para comparação dos achados. Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos: RBR-8bsmyz.

Abstract Streptococcus agalactiae is one of the most common pathogens leading to mastitis in dairy herds worldwide; consequently, the pathogen causes major economic losses for affected farmers. In this study, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), genotypic capsular typing by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and virulence gene detection were performed to address the molecular epidemiology of 59 bovine (mastitis) S. agalactiae isolates from 36 dairy farms located in the largest milk-producing mesoregions in Brazil (Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná, and Pernambuco). We screened for the virulence genes bac, bca, bibA, cfb, hylB, fbsA, fbsB, PI-1, PI-2a, and PI-2b, which are associated with adhesion, invasion, tissue damage, and/or immune evasion. Furthermore, five capsular types were identified (Ia, Ib, II, III, and IV), and a few isolates were classified as non-typeable (NT). MLST revealed the following eight sequence types (STs): ST-61, ST-67, ST-103, ST-146, ST-226, ST-314, and ST-570, which were clustered in five clonal complexes (CC64, CC67, CC103, CC17, and CC314), and one singleton, ST-91. Among the virulence genes screened in this study, PI-2b, fbsB, cfb, and hylB appear to be the most important during mastitis development in cattle. Collectively, these results establish the molecular epidemiology of S. agalactiae isolated from cows in Brazilian herds. We believe that the data presented here provide a foundation for future research aimed at developing and implementing new preventative and treatment options for mastitis caused by S. agalactiae.

RESUMO O dendezeiro é uma monocotiledônea, lenhosa e oleaginosa de elevada importância econômica, devido à alta produção de óleo por seus frutos. A germinação das sementes é, atualmente, o método convencional mais utilizado para a propagação do dendezeiro, porém, o sucesso por meio dessa via é limitado pela demora e a baixa porcentagem de germinação. Uma alternativa para a propagação em larga escala do dendezeiro é a técnica biotecnológica de embriogênese somática, mas o enraizamento das plantas germinadas a partir dos embriões somáticos é uma etapa difícil e de grande importância para posterior aclimatização e sucesso na propagação. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito das auxinas ácido indol acético (AIA) e ácido indol-butírico (AIB) no enraizamento de embriões somáticos de dendezeiro híbrido Tenera. Plantas obtidas via embriogênese somática foram inoculadas em meio MS modificado, com 10% de sacarose e 0,6% de ágar e suplementado com AIA ou AIB, nas concentrações 5 µM, 10 µM, 15 µM e na ausência de regulador de crescimento. Depois de 120 dias foram analisados os parâmetros presença de raiz, tipo de raiz, comprimento da maior raiz, número de folhas e comprimento da parte aérea. A presença de reguladores de crescimento foi favorável ao enraizamento, tendo as plantas cultivadas com o regulador de crescimento AIB na concentração de 15 µM apresentado maior porcentagem de enraizamento (87%) e melhores resultados para os parâmetros número de raízes (1,33) e comprimento da parte aérea (9,83).

ABSTRACT Oil palm is a woody monocot of economic importance due to high oil production from its fruits. Currently, the conventional method most used to propagate oil palm is seed germination, but success is limited by long time requirements and low germination percentage. An alternative for large-scale propagation of oil palm is the biotechnological technique of somatic embryogenesis. The rooting of plants germinated from somatic embryos is a difficult step, yet it is of great importance for later acclimatization and success in propagation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the auxins indole acetic acid (IAA) and indole butyric acid (IBA) on the rooting of somatic embryos of Tenera hybrid oil palm. Plants obtained by somatic embryogenesis were inoculated in modified MS medium with 10% sucrose and 0.6% agar and supplemented with IAA or IBA at concentrations of 5 µM, 10 µM, and 15 µM, and the absence of growth regulators. After 120 days, the presence of roots, root type, length of the longest root, number of roots, number of leaves, and shoot length were analyzed. Growth regulators were favorable to rooting; plants cultivated with IBA growth regulator at 15 µM showed higher rooting percentage (87%) and better results for the parameters of number of roots (1.33) and shoot length (9.83).

RESUMO A micropropagação em sistemas de biorreatores é considerada como uma forma de reduzir os custos de produção por meio do escalonamento de automatização do processo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver um protocolo eficiente de produção de mudas de Eucalyptus camaldulensis em diferentes tipos de sistema, incluindo biorreator de imersão continua e temporária. Para isso, meristemas apicais (1 mm) e meristemas apicais com tecido adjacente (2,5 mm) foram usados como explantes iniciais. Esses tecidos foram cultivados, por 60 dias, em meio de cultura suplementado com 1 mg L-1 de ácido indolacético (AIA) e 0.32 mg L-1 de benzilaminopurina (BAP). Após 60 dias, os meristemas com tecidos adjacentes foram transferidos para biorreatores de imersão contínua ou temporária e mantidos no escuro ou sob condições controladas de luminosidade. Para verificar o efeito da fonte de explante na multiplicação em biorreator foram testados explantes subcultivados de meristemas multiplicados em meio de cultura semissólido e meristemas multiplicados em biorreator de imersão contínua e mantidos no escuro. Despois de estabelecer esses parâmetros, os experimentos de multiplicação foram realizados em biorreatores de imersão contínua e temporária. Os explantes multiplicados foram enraizados em meio de cultura MS suplementado com 0, 2, 4, 8 e 20 mg L-1 de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) e mantidos no escuro ou sob condições controladas de luminosidade. Depois do enraizamento as plantas foram aclimatizadas em câmara de nebulização. Os meristemas com tecidos adjacentes favoreceram um maior número de gemas/explantes. O biorreator de imersão contínua e mantido no escuro promoveu maior número de brotações e maior taxa de multiplicação e o melhor enraizamento ocorreram no meio de cultura isento de auxina, mantido no escuro por 15 dias ou o meio de cultura suplementado com auxina, mantido na luz apresentando 100% de enraizamento. A aclimatização do Eucalyptus camaldulensis foi eficiente com taxa de sobrevivência de 76%. Portanto, foi possível desenvolver um método eficiente de micropropagação em biorreator para a produção de mudas Eucalyptus camaldulensis em larga escala.

ABSTRACT The plant micro-propagation in bioreactor systems is regarded as one way to reduce cost by automation and production scheduling. This research was carried out in order to obtain an efficient procedure for clone production of Eucalyptus camaldulensis on different types of bioreactor including continuous and temporary immersion bioreactor. To do so, the apical meristems (1 mm) and the apical meristems with adjacent tissue (2,5 mm) were used as initial explants. These tissues were cultured, for 60 days, in semisolid culture medium supplemented with 1 mg L-1 indole acetic acid (IAA) and 0.32 mg L-1 benzylaminopurine (BA). After 60 days, the meristems with adjacent tissue were transferred to a continuous immersion bioreactor and maintained in dark or light conditions. In order to verify the effect of the explant source on bioreactor multiplication, the explants subcultured from meristems multiplied in semisolid culture medium and the meristems multiplied in continuous immersion bioreactor were tested and maintained in dark conditions. After establishing this parameters, the multiplication experiments were carried out in continuous and temporary immersion and the multiplied explants were then rooted in MS medium supplemented with 0, 2, 4, 8 and 20 mg L-1 indole butyric acid (IBA) and kept in the dark or under controlled lighting conditions. After that, the rooting the plants were acclimatized in mist chamber. The meristem with adjacent tissue favored a greater number of buds/explants. The continuous immersion bioreactor in the dark provided higher shoots number and multiplication rate. The rooting was better on culture medium without auxin and kept in the dark for 15 days or the culture medium supplemented with auxin and maintained under light with 100% plantlet rooting. The Eucalyptus camaldulensis acclimatization was efficient, with high survival rate (76%). It was possible to establish the procedure for bioreactor micro-propagation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis large-scale clones.